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-
- Notes on Kabbalah
-
- The author grants the right to copy and distribute these Notes provided
- they remain unmodified and original authorship and copyright is retained.
- The author retains both the right and intention to modify and extend
- these Notes.
-
- Release 2.0
- Copy date: 9th. January 1992
-
- Copyright Colin Low 1992 (cal@hplb.hpl.hp.com)
-
- ****************************************************************************
-
- Introduction
- ------------
-
- If a chemist from the twentieth century could step into a time-machine
- and go back two-hundred years he or she would probably feel a deep
- kinship with the chemists of that time, even though there might be
- considerable differences in terminology, underlying theory, equipment
- and so on. Despite this kinship, chemists have not been trapped in the
- past, and the subject as it is studied today bears little resemblance to
- the chemistry of two hundred years ago.
-
- Kabbalah has existed for nearly two thousand years, and like any living
- discipline it has evolved through time, and it continues to evolve. One
- aspect of this evolution is that it is necessary for living Kabbalists
- to continually "re-present" what they understand by Kabbalah so that
- Kabbalah itself continues to live and continues to retain its usefulness
- to each new generation. If Kabbalists do not do this then it becomes a
- dead thing, an historical curiousity (as was virtually the case within
- Judaism by the nineteenth century). These notes were written with that
- intention: to present one view of Kabbalah as it is currently practised
- in 1992, so that people who are interested in Kabbalah and want to learn
- more about it are not limited purely to texts written hundreds or
- thousands of years ago (or for that matter, modern texts written about
- texts written hundreds or thousands of years ago). For this reason
- these notes acknowledge the past, but they do not defer to it. There
- are many adequate texts for those who wish to understand Kabbalah as it
- was practised in the past.
-
- These notes have another purpose. The majority of people who are drawn
- towards Kabbalah are not historians; they are people who want to know
- enough about it to decide whether they should use it as part of their
- own personal mystical or magical adventure. There is enough information
- not only to make that decision, but also to move from theory into
- practice. I should emphasise that this is only one variation of
- Kabbalah out of many, and I leave it to others to present their own
- variants - I make no apology if the material is biased towards a
- particular point of view.
-
- The word "Kabbalah" means "tradition". There are many alternative
- spellings, the two most popular being Kabbalah and Qabalah, but Cabala,
- Qaballah, Qabala, Kaballa (and so on) are also seen. I made my choice
- as a result of a poll of the books on my bookcase, not as a result of
- deep linguistic understanding.
-
- If Kabbalah means "tradition", then the core of the tradition was the
- attempt to penetrate the inner meaning of the Bible, which was taken to
- be the literal (but heavily veiled) word of God. Because the Word was
- veiled, special techniques were developed to elucidate the true
- meaning....Kabbalistic theosophy has been deeply influenced by these
- attempts to find a deep meaning in the Bible.
-
- The earliest documents (~100 - ~1000 A.D.) associated with Kabbalah
- describe the attempts of "Merkabah" mystics to penetrate the seven halls
- (Hekaloth) of creation and reach the Merkabah (throne-chariot) of God.
- These mystics used the familiar methods of shamanism (fasting,
- repetitious chanting, prayer, posture) to induce trance states in which
- they literally fought their way past terrible seals and guards to reach
- an ecstatic state in which they "saw God". An early and highly
- influential document (Sepher Yetzirah) appears to have originated during
- the earlier part of this period.
-
- By the early middle ages further, more theosophical developments had
- taken place, chiefly a description of "processes" within God, and a
- highly esoteric view of creation as a process in which God manifests in
- a series of emanations. This doctrine of the "sephiroth" can be found
- in a rudimentary form in the "Yetzirah", but by the time of the
- publication of the book "Bahir" (12th. century) it had reached a form
- not too different from the form it takes today. One of most interesting
- characters from this period was Abraham Abulafia, who believed that God
- cannot be described or conceptualised using everyday symbols, and used
- the Hebrew alphabet in intense meditations lasting many hours to reach
- ecstatic states. Because his abstract letter combinations were used as
- keys or entry points to altered states of consciousness, failure to
- carry through the manipulations correctly could have a drastic effect on
- the Kabbalist. In "Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism" Scholem includes a
- long extract of one such experiment made by one of Abulafia's students -
- it has a deep ring of truth about it.
-
- Probably the most influential Kabbalistic document, the "Sepher ha
- Zohar", was published by Moses de Leon, a Spanish Jew, in the latter
- half of the thirteenth century. The "Zohar" is a series of separate
- documents covering a wide range of subjects, from a verse-by-verse
- esoteric commentary on the Pentateuch, to highly theosophical
- descriptions of processes within God. The "Zohar" has been widely read
- and was highly influential within mainstream Judaism.
-
- A later development in Kabbalah was the Safed school of mystics headed
- by Moses Cordovero and Isaac Luria. Luria was a highly charismatic
- leader who exercised almost total control over the life of the school,
- and has passed into history as something of a saint. Emphasis was
- placed on living in the world and bringing the consciousness of God
- through *into* the world in a practical way. Practices were largely
- devotional.
-
- Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Judaism as a whole
- was heavily influenced by Kabbalah, but by the beginning of this century
- a Jewish writer was able to dismiss it as an historical curiousity.
- Jewish Kabbalah has vast literature which is almost entirely
- untranslated into English.
-
- A development which took place almost synchronously with Jewish Kabbalah
- was its adoption by many Christian mystics, magicians and philosphers.
- Renaissance philosophers such as Pico della Mirandola were familiar with
- Kabbalah and mixed it with gnosticism, pythagoreanism, neo-platonism and
- hermeticism to form a snowball which continued to pick up traditions as
- it rolled down the centuries. It is probably accurate to say that from
- the Renaissance on, virtually all European occult philosophers and
- magicians of note had a working knowledge of Kabbalah.
-
- It is not clear how Kabbalah was involved in the propagation of ritual
- magical techniques, or whether it *was* involved, or whether the ritual
- techniques were preserved in parallel within Judaism, but it is an
- undeniable fact that the most influential documents appear to have a
- Jewish origin. The most important medieval magical text is the "Key of
- Solomon", and it contains the elements of classic ritual magic - names
- of power, the magic circle, ritual implements, consecration, evocation
- of spirits etc. No-one knows how old it is, but there is a reasonable
- suspicion that its contents preserve techniques which might well date
- back to Solomon.
-
- The combination of non-Jewish Kabbalah and ritual magic has been kept
- alive outside Judaism until the present day, although it has been
- heavily adulterated at times by hermeticism, gnosticism, neo-platonism,
- pythagoreanism, rosicrucianism, christianity, tantra and so on. The
- most important "modern" influences are the French magician Eliphas Levi,
- and the English "Order of the Golden Dawn". At least two members of the
- G.D. (S.L. Mathers and A.E. Waite) were knowledgable Kabbalists, and
- three G. D. members have popularised Kabbalah - Aleister Crowley,
- Israel Regardie, and Dion Fortune. Dion Fortune's "Inner Light" has
- also produced a number of authors: Gareth Knight, William Butler, and
- William Gray.
-
- An unfortunate side effect of the G.D is that while Kabbalah was an
- important part of its "Knowledge Lectures", surviving G.D. rituals are
- a syncretist hodge-podge of symbolism in which Kabbalah plays a minor or
- nominal role, and this has led to Kabbalah being seen by many modern
- occultists as more of a theoretical and intellectual discipline, rather
- than a potent and self-contained mystical and magical system in its own
- right.
-
- Some of the originators of modern witchcraft drew heavily on medieval
- ritual and Kabbalah for inspiration, and it is not unusual to find
- witches teaching some form of Kabbalah, although it is generally even
- less well integrated into practical technique than in the case of the
- G.D.
-
- The Kabbalistic tradition described in the notes derives principally
- from Dion Fortune, but has been substantially developed over the past 30
- years. I would like to thank M.S. and the T.S.H.U. for all the fun.
-
-